Devolpment Software

Development Software

 Editors

To write any programs, you need an Editor. Text Editors are usually provided by the operating system; for example Windows provides notepad and Linux provides Gedit. Although you can use any text editor to write a program you can get some advanced and added features for a programs like "Pretty Printing".

 

Compilers

Compilers turn High-level languages like Python into Machine Instructions so it is easier for the CPU to execute. They do not often come supplied with an operating system, but they are still regarded by some as system software because they are not applications designed to do a specific task for the user.

 

Interpreters

Interpreters also translate High-Level code into machine code ,but they do so a line at a time and execute the code as they go. They are useful for debugging programs because they give an instant result.

Bits and Bytes

The following will go up in order of File Sizes from Bit to Terabyte.
A bit is the basic unit of information in computing and digital communications. A bit can have only one of two values, and may therefore be physically implemented with a two-state device. The most common representation of these values are 0and1 or off and on. The term bit is a contraction of binary digit.
A Nibble (often nybble or even nyble to match the vowels of byte) is a four-bit aggregation,or half an octet. As a nibble contains 4 bits, there are sixteen  possible values, so a nibble corresponds to a single hexadecimal digit.
A byte is a unit of digital information in computing and telecommunications that most commonly consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits used to encode a single character of text in a computer and for this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many computer architectures. The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no definitive standards existed that mandated the size. The de facto standard of eight bits is a convenient power of two permitting the values 0 through 255 for one byte. The popularity of major commercial computing architectures has aided in the ubiquitous acceptance of the 8-bit size.
The kilobyte for 1000 bytes (symbol: kB) or Kilobyte (kibibyte) for 1024 bytes (symbol: KB or KiB or informally KBytes) are two definitions for multiples of the unit byte for digital information. The term kilobyte and the symbol KB have historically been used to refer to 1024 (2¹⁰) bytes, in the fields of computer science and information technology.
The megabyte (symbol MB, sometimes abbreviated as Mbyte) is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information storage or transmission with three different values depending on context: 1000000 bytes (10⁶, see prefix mega-) generally for computer storage or transmission rates;^[ 1048576 bytes (2²⁰, or a mebibyte) generally for computer memory; and in rare cases 1000×1024 (1024000) bytes.
The term "gigabyte" is commonly used to mean either 1000³ bytes or 1024³ bytes. This originated as compromise technical jargon for the byte multiples that needed to be expressed by the powers of 2 but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 (2¹⁰) approximates 1000 (10³), roughly corresponding SI multiples, it was used for binary multiples as well. In 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) proposed standards for binary prefixes and requiring the use of gigabyte to strictly denote 1000³ bytes and gibibyte to denote 1024³ bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST.
 The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix tera represents the fourth power of 1000, and means 10¹² in the International System of Units (SI), and therefore one terabyte is one trillion (short scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the terabyte is TB.
1 TB = 1000000000000bytes = 10¹²bytes = 1000gigabytes. A related unit, the tebibyte (TiB), using a binary prefix, is the corresponding 4th power of 1024. One terabyte expressed using binary prefixes is about 0.910 tebibytes, or 931 gibibytes.

Programs Instructions

Programs instructions and data are stored by the computer in binary in the same place. When a Computer starts a program it directs itself to the start address for the instructions. The CPU fetches the instructions from the program location and Decodes it to find out what the next instruction is. In the meantime it has already updated a Register, the Program counter, to point at the next memory location so that it is ready to fetch the next instruction if necessary.
Operand may be literals, such as the number "3," or strings, such as "Hello." Or they may be variable names such as "x" or "speed".
Operator represent actions that can be performed on the operands. The most obvious operators are the symbols for the four common arithmetical operations: "+," "-," "*" (multiplication), and "/" (division). However, most computer languages also define other operators.

The Video below will help explain.
 

Input, Output and Specialist needs

Input, Output and Specialist needs

Input are used in everyday tasks such as typing a message on a keyboard, you push a button on the keyboard the computer recognizes what button you pressed and transmits it to your computer screen. Without this pretty much all computers would be useless. The Output is basically the part 2 of the input it basically recognizes what you have done and transmits those instructions onto the screen.

Some users of systems may have Specific Needs: For example people who are Quadriplegic they can't press the buttons on a keyboard, fortunately they can use a Eye-Typer which detects eye movement and blinking into input data so that they can use things like a keyboard. There is also a system called a Puff-Suck System which allows the user to blow/suck to operate switches, this is often used in car travel for handicapped people to be able to drive.

Memory

Rom

Short for read-only memory. Computer hardware that stores programs or data that cannot be added to, modified, or deleted. ROM does not require power to maintain its contents, and is often used to save instructions that enable the computer's operating system to communicate with other hardware.

Ram

Short for random access memory.  The main memory of a computer, in which data can be stored or retrieved from all locations at the same (usually very high) speed. More RAM in a computer equals to having more space to put programs on and have multiple running at the same time.

Binary code

Binary Code 

Binary Code is a code for computers to mimic text and or computer instructions through a system of 0s and 1s which is involved with every computer system in the world.

And Gate

• The And gate is activated with the use of two ones, one or less ones will not work.

Or Gate

• The OR gate is activated if it has a one in the inputs if not it won't be active

Not Gate 

• The Not gate is activated with the opposite effect. For Example if it is one it will be off and it is 0 it will be on.

Numbers in Binary are represented using a series of zeros and ones (Zero being off and One being on). They are used in a four called a "Nibble" to help I will display so simple binary: 0001 = 1 0010 = 2 0100 = 4 1000 = 8, with these numbers you can go from 1 to 25 past 15 you have to use Bytes. With the small limit of numbers you can go up to 8 numbers and calling it 8 bit or a Byte. Also with Bytes the numbers double as they go up, For Example: 00010000 = 16 00100000 = 32 01000000 = 64 10000000 = 128. You can use these as sums for example 10100000 = 160.If you have a sum like 010 + 010 you carry the one over so it equals 100 instead of 020, however if you do not the space to but the 1 in the sum it causes an overflow in the equation. Becoming more complicated you can start to use letters in Binary Starting with A = 01000001 B = 0

1000010 and so on.

Hex

Hex is used as a simple form of binary. It is used a 16 Number System The first numbers 1-9 are used as numbers but 10-15 are represented as numbers; this can make it quite complicated because 9 + 9 instead of equalling 18 it equals 12  because 18 in the Hex system is represented by 12.

 

 ASCII

ASCII or American Standard Code For Information Interchange is based off the English alphabet has 128 specified characters. Which contains the English Alphabet upper case and lower case (52 Characters), The numbers 0-9, some basic Punctuation Symbols, Some Control Codes that originated from Teletype Machines and a blank space. This all equals to 127 but the 128th Character is of course Null or 00000000. 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hardware

CPU

The CPU is a very important component of a computer.The CPU of the computer completes the "Processing" part of the Input-Process-Output, the CPU also has access to the ROM (Read Only Memory and RAM (Random access memory) the point of having access to these to storage units is for the CPU  to receive instructions on what to perform if an operation is requested. The CPU is the core of every computer system and has two main components: the Control unit and the arithmetic and logic unit. The names are a bit of a giveaway:

• The Control unit uses electrical signals to direct the system to execute the instructions in stored programs.
• The ALU carries out all of the arithmetic and logical operations including addition, subtraction and comparisons (For example: equal to less than).

In order to do this a CPU needs access to two things: the main memory (you would usually call this Random access memory or RAM) where the programs are stored an Cache memory which is usually stored either on the CPU or very close to it so it has easy access to the CPU. The Cache Memory is used to store data waiting to be processed by the CPU. Main memory (or RAM) and cache memory are called primary storage and are part of the computer's processing capabilities. Hard drives and other devices such as flash memory drives, solid-state drives etc. are called secondary storage and these hold data to be kept when the computer.

The Bus System

A System Bus  is a single that connects the major components of a computer system. The technique was developed to reduce costs and improve modularity. it was mainly used during the early 70s and late 60s.

Data Protection

Data Protection is Basically protecting specific codes in things Eg. Some features on a program they do this so that another company cannot benefit over there work. Although they may disallow some aspects of data they can authorize users to redesign code to make it better Eg. A level in a Video game.

 

 

 

 

Copyright law

The Definition of Copyright is the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same. Basically it gives authors or creators the right to disallow or allow people to copy or redesign something of which they have done.

 

 

Copyright: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tk862BbjWx4



A Computer System

A Computer System

A computer system is a system of a process to a set of inputs to perform a set of outputs using both hardware and software.

Input- Pressing Forward on the keyboard- Process- Computer figures out what you pressed- Output- Avatar inside game performs that forward moving

Computer Systems

• Game Console
• Washing Machine
• Vacuum Cleaner
• Personal Computer
• Mobile Phones

 What is reliability? 

Reliability is you giving a system data or valuables and relying on it to keep those things and safe and not have a system failure/malfunction to lose your data.

A451

What is a Computer system?

 

A computer system is a system of which has a set amount of inputs which is set by a combination of software and hardware. The program (output) is then processed and then stored by the computer to be repeated whenever it needs to be repeated.

 

For these Outputs or Programs to be possible the output needs an input which is a power source travelling along thin cables to power the whole system.







Hi :D